I will propose and try to motivate an answer to the question: "What is a geometric structure on a smooth manifold?" Roughly speaking, the answer is that a geometric structure is a principal groupoid bundle equipped with a compatible exterior differential system - a geometric description of a PDE.
Links:
[1] https://www.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/de/taxonomy/term/39
[2] https://www.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/de/node/4234
[3] https://www.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/de/node/3946